Aram Nahrin – The Aramaean Organization, Epitome of National Conscience and Liberation Struggle

By: Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis

[ Posted On: 2009-05-22 ]

The liberation of a subjugated nation is not a uni-dimensional affair; the struggle for the liberation of a targeted and endangered nation hinges on many different levels. It may be sociopolitical and economic, but it can also be cultural, religious and educational. Under any circumstances, it is a moral affair because every member of a society, free or not, every member of a nation, independent or not, is primarily a human being.

The condition of human being predetermines all choices, endeavours, behaviours, attitudes, thoughts and ideas a person may have. A human being is self-defined as such in terms of morality, moral values, prescriptions and orders. In fact, every religious directive is an order of moral dimension.

That is why the liberation of a nation cannot be the consequence of an immoral action or choice; it would be great for all the Aramaeans to understand today that their struggle for an Aramaean Renaissance is primarily a moral affair.

It cannot therefore bear the stamp of an immoral – or even worse amoral – stance to the phenomena of life and society that is overwhelmingly and calamitously attested in the Western World.

The West brought Death to Aramaeans and Division to the surviving Aramaeans. The West will bring extinction to the Nation that still speaks the native language of Jesus. The critical importance of moral standards in the engagement in the Aramaean Cause has been well understood by the Aramaeans of the Aram Nahrin Organization.

It is critical for any human today to study the moral standards that the Aram Nahrin members have set to them and their followers. Everything beyond this approach is mere corruption. I therefore republish from their website several web pages that are of the utmost significance for all the oppressed people in five continents.

Aram Nahrin - The Board
http://www.aramnahrin.org/English/TheBoard.htm

As a Human Rights organisation, we consider as utmost important that the board members should meet high requirements in order to be able to carry out their task in dignity and reliability. Moreover; the interests of the nation should be put at the first place in agreement with the goals. In order to stimulate this somewhat, in article 6 paragraph 3, each board member should satisfy the following requirements in the broadest sense of the word:

They should have no police record neither in Holland, nor in abroad.

They should be persons of high morality in the broadest sense of the word.

They should actively promote standards and values.

They should be prepared to make the oat of reliability.

They should be social and strive for humaneness, honesty, purity, reliability and dignity.

They should be prepared to study in order to be able to carry out their duty.

They should have not been involved in corruption, favouritism; blackmail and all other, here not mentioned deeds/acts, which cross the board of the human dignity and honour.

Conform article 6, paragraph 3d, all the board members have made the oath of reliability. For this purpose, a meeting was organised on 29-6-2004 in the St. Aphrem the Syrian Monastery in Glane (Netherlands), in the Dolabani Saloon.

On this occasion around 60 people were invited amongst them archbishop Mgr. J. Y. Cicek, the monks, nuns and priests who all have acted as witnesses.

In presence of the audience, the president read on behalf of the board members the statement/oat of reliability.

Please click here to read the promise/statement/oat of reliability.

After the oath of reliability was presented to the audience, all the board members signed the oath as a sign of promise.

Following that, archbishop Mgr. J. Y. Cicek took the floor and addressed the audience.

After a break of 15 minutes, the president continued the meeting to give some explanation about the goals of the organization; the famous historians of the Church of Antioch, the name of the organization and other important issues concerning the organization.

Following that, the board members once again confirmed their promise by means of a collective pray in the presence of the audience.

After that, brother Gabriel addressed the audience.

Following the speech of brother Gabriel, the floor was given to the audience to ask questions/make remarks. Various questions were asked and remarks were made and discussed after which the meeting was closed.

Who are we?
http://www.aramnahrin.org/English/WhoAreWe.htm

The Arameans of Aram-Naharaim Foundation is a non-governmental, non-profit and non-political organization with the main goals: Human Rights and culture and comprises amongst others:

• - To defend worldwide the fundamental human rights of the Aramean people and to support social and culture projects in the broadest sense of the word.

• - To make the indigenous Aramean people known to the Dutch society and world community.

• - To defend the rights of the Aramean people in Holland and worldwide in the broadest sense of the word (amongst others on the field of Human rights, cultural rights, social rights and indigenous rights).

• - To promote the Aramean culture, amongst others the Aramean language.

• - To provide the Dutch and foreign governments and organizations with information on the indigenous Aramean people.

• - To assert the indigenous rights of the Aramean people in the Middle-east.

• - To work for the recognition of the Aramean genocide which took place in the period of 1914-1918 whereby around 600.000 Arameans of different denominations were killed.

• - The just mentioned and other here not specifically mentioned goals should be realized within the boundaries of the General Assemble Resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992 concerning all sort of minorities.

• - The mentioned resolution 47/135 is applicable on the indigenous rights of the Aramean people as well. Also is applicable on the indigenous rights of the Aramean people the “Draft Declaration” 1994/45 of the United Nations Working Group on the Indigenous Populations.

Do you feel attracted by these noble goals? Do you want to contribute to the achievement of these noble goals?

Making a Christian Oath / Promise
http://www.aramnahrin.org/English/Oath_Board.htm

Made on: Tuesday 29-6-2004 in the St. Aphrem the Syrian Monastery in Glane; Netherlands)

(Translated from: Dutch to English)

(Signed by the board)

Administrators/rulers/leaders/shepherds/ of a Christian community

Spiritual and laymen

Patriarch, bishops, monks, pastors, members of the church council; associations and other organizations in charge of a Christian community.

“The Lord God warns all the administrators and says

How terrible will be the Lord's judgment on those rulers who destroy and scatter his people! 2 This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, says about the rulers who were supposed to take care of his people: "You have not taken care of my people; you have scattered them and driven them away. Now I am going to punish you for the evil you have done. (Jeremiah 23:1-3)

The Bible says,, “ .... when the Lord Jesus appears from heaven with his mighty angels, with a flaming fire, to punish those who reject God and who do not obey the Good News about our Lord Jesus. ” (2 Thessalonians 1:7-8)

Making oath/promise by the board of a organization

As board members of the organization, we take note, in the presence of clergy and laymen together with all the audience here present, of a few commandments of the Lord God towards those who act unfaithful to Him in their daily life; but also those who ignore the Lord in their function as administrator; it is to say clergy as well as laymen etc.. We will do this to make you and us aware of our responsibility and yours to show that nobody can mock at the Majesty of the Creator of the Heaven and the Earth. Please find below a few of these commandments:

1. The Lord God says “ I will destroy anyone who ....... I will also destroy those who worship me and swear loyalty to me, but then take oaths in the name of the god Molech. I will destroy those who have turned back and no longer follow me, those who do not come to me or ask me to guide them." (Zephaniah 1:5-6)”

2. The Bible says,, Some people keep on doing good, and seek glory, honour, and immortal life; to them God will give eternal life. Other people are selfish and reject what is right, in order to follow what is wrong; on them God will pour out his anger and fury. ... “ (Romans 2:7-9)

3. The Bible says,,“ The day of the Lord is near, the day when the Almighty brings destruction. What terror that day will bring! ” (Joel 1: 15)

4. The Bible says,,“ The Lord says, "I will bring such disasters on mankind that everyone will grope about like a blind man. They have sinned against me, and now their blood will be poured out like water, and their dead bodies will lie rotting on the ground." On the day when the Lord shows his fury, not even all their silver and gold will save them. The whole earth will be destroyed by the fire of his anger. He will put an end--a sudden end--to everyone who lives on earth. . “ (Zephaniah 1:17-18)

5. The Bible says,,“ The Lord said, "I will no longer pity anyone on earth. I myself will put all the people in the power of their rulers. These rulers will devastate the earth, and I will not save it from their power." “ (Zephaniah 11:6)

6. The Lord God says,, ,, You are doomed! You call evil good and call good evil. You turn darkness into light and light into darkness. You make what is bitter sweet, and what is sweet you make bitter. ” (Isaiah 5:20)

7. We read in the Bible,, So now, listen to what the Lord Almighty, Israel's powerful God, is saying: "I will take revenge on you, my enemies, and you will cause me no more trouble....... But he will crush everyone who sins and rebels against him; he will kill everyone who forsakes him. " (Isaiah 1:24 + 28)

8. We read in the Bible, “ The Lord Almighty says, "I will appear among you to judge, and I will testify at once against those who practice magic, against adulterers, against those who give false testimony, those who cheat employees out of their wages, and those who take advantage .’ (Malachi 3:5)

9. The Lord says, The Lord says, "I will bring disaster on the earth and punish all wicked people for their sins. I will humble everyone who is proud and punish everyone who is arrogant and cruel. (Isaiah 13:11)

10. The Bible says,, , The Lord Almighty says that disaster is coming on one nation after another, and a great storm is gathering at the far ends of the earth. On that day the bodies of those whom the Lord has killed will lie scattered from one end of the earth to the other. No one will mourn for them, and they will not be taken away and buried. They will lie on the ground like piles of manure.” (Jeremiah 25:32-34)

Independent and righteous administrator/ruler/ leaders/elders/shepherd

After we have mentioned up a few commandments of the Lord God regarding those who ignore Him, we will now mention up a few requirements, in the presence of all of you, to which the board of a organisation as a administrator/ shepherd should satisfy; whether spiritual or clergy; who have accepted the task to defend the interest of a Christian community.

Apostle Peter says,, I, who am an elder myself, appeal to the church elders among you. I am a witness of Christ's sufferings, and I will share in the glory that will be revealed. I appeal to you to be shepherds of the flock that God gave you and to take care of it willingly, as God wants you to, and not unwillingly. Do your work, not for mere pay, but from a real desire to serve. Do not try to rule over those who have been put in your care, but be examples to the flock. (1 Peter 5:1-3)

Apostle Paul says,, an elder must be without fault; he must have only one wife, and his children must be believers and not have the reputation of being wild or disobedient. For since a church leader is in charge of God's work, he should be without fault. He must not be arrogant or quick-tempered, or a drunkard or violent or greedy for money. He must be hospitable and love what is good. He must be self-controlled, upright, holy, and disciplined. He must hold firmly to the message which can be trusted and which agrees with the doctrine. In this way he will be able to encourage others with the true teaching and also to show the error of those who are opposed to it. (Titus 1:7-9)

The Lord God warns the bad leaders/elders/shepherds and says,, You are doomed, you shepherds of Israel! You take care of yourselves, but never tend the sheep. You drink the milk, wear clothes made from the wool, and kill and eat the finest sheep. But you never tend the sheep. You have not taken care of the weak ones, healed the ones that are sick, bandaged the ones that are hurt, brought back the ones that wandered off, or looked for the ones that were lost. Instead, you treated them cruelly. Because the sheep had no shepherd, they were scattered, and wild animals killed and ate them. So my sheep wandered over the high hills and the mountains. They were scattered over the face of the earth, and no one looked for them or tried to find them. "Now, you shepherds, listen to what I, the Lord, am telling you. As surely as I am the living God, you had better listen to me. My sheep have been attacked by wild animals that killed and ate them because there was no shepherd. My shepherds did not try to find the sheep. They were taking care of themselves and not the sheep. So listen to me, you shepherds. I, the Sovereign Lord, declare that I am your enemy. I will take my sheep away from you and never again let you be their shepherds; never again will I let you take care only of yourselves. I will rescue my sheep from you and not let you eat them. "I, the Sovereign Lord, tell you that I myself will look for my sheep and take care of them in the same way as a shepherd takes care of his sheep that were scattered and are brought together again. I will bring them back from all the places where they were scattered on that dark, disastrous day. .’ (Ezekiel 34:2-10)

Making Oath / Promise

After we have mentioned up in the presence of everybody here, the requirements to which a Christian leader/administrator should satisfy, whether secular leader or spiritual leader; we will now switch over to make a few promises to the Lord God concerning our task which we all have accepted in the fully awareness that we are weak humans with shortcomings. We ask all of you to pray for us.

1. We promise the Lord God that we shall respect, honour and defend with all the effort and capacity the (Syrian) Aramean heritage of our people such as recorded by the brilliant scientists of the Syrian Church of Antioch.

2. We promise the Lord God that we shall carry out our task within the organisation with great effort and judgment to serve the interest of our people in agreement with the wiliness of Jesus Christ; for the Bible says to us and to you,, Trust in the Lord with all your heart. Never rely on what you think you know. Remember the Lord in everything you do, and he will show you the right way. Never let yourself think that you are wiser than you are; simply obey the Lord and refuse to do wrong. If you do, it will be like good medicine, healing your wounds and easing your pains. " (Proverbs 3:5-8)

3. We promise the Lord God that with carrying out our task; we will let us not control by influences of outside; but only by a clean conscience under the foots of Jesus Christ and in consultation with collage board members- who put themselves under the authority of Jesus Christ as well-, for the Bible says to us and to you,, None of us lives for himself only, none of us dies for himself only. If we live, it is for the Lord that we live, and if we die, it is for the Lord that we die. So whether we live or die, we belong to the Lord. (Romans 14:7-8)… .
4. We promise the Lord God that we as administrators in no way shall try to work for our personal benefits; whether material or intellectual; but that we shall try always to have the eye for the interests of our people in agreement with which the Lord expects us to do, for the Bible warns,, Selfish people are in such a hurry to get rich that they do not know when poverty is about to strike (Proverbs 28:22)

5. We promise the Lord God that in no way we shall commit wily or cunning plans nor shall we try to misguide fellow administrator/shepherd or the people or to hide information with the aim to misguide or for personal benefit, for the Lord warns us,, “ The Lord is pleased with good people, but condemns those who plan evil. Wickedness does not give security, but righteous people stand firm. “(Proverbs 12:2) … ,, Those who try to hide their plans from the Lord are doomed! They carry out their schemes in secret and think no one will see them or know what they are doing. They turn everything upside down. Which is more important, the potter or the clay? Can something a man has made tell him, "You didn't make me"? Or can it say to him, "You don't know what you are doing"? ’(Isaiah 29:15-16)

6. We promise the Lord God that we shall try do our best in every aspect to strive for fairness, to seek for the truth and to strive for justice, for the Lord warns us,, A nation will fall if it has no guidance. Many advisers mean security. (Proverbs 11:14)…When good men come to power, everybody celebrates, but when bad men rule, people stay in hiding. (Proverbs 28:12)…. Poor people are helpless against a wicked ruler; he is as dangerous as a growling lion or a prowling bear. (Proverbs 28:15)… Show me a righteous ruler and I will show you a happy people. Show me a wicked ruler and I will show you a miserable people. (Proverbs 29:2)

7. We promise the Lord God that in no way we will try to favour our relatives, nor our friends neither our love ones above the rest of the people, for the Bible warns all of us,, “ The Lord hates people who use dishonest weights and measures" (Proverbs 20:10)…. “Do what the Lord says is right and good, and all will go well with you. (Deuteronomy 6:18)

8. We promise the Lord God that in now way we will participate with corruption or favouritism; for the Bible warns us,, “ Appoint judges and other officials in every town that the Lord your God gives you. These men are to judge the people impartially. They are not to be unjust or show partiality in their judgments; and they are not to accept bribes, for gifts blind the eyes even of wise and honest men, and cause them to give wrong decisions. . (Deuteronomy 16:19)…. You can't straighten out what is crooked; you can't count things that aren't there. (Ecclesiastes 1:15) “

9. We promise to the Lord God that in now way we shall distort the truth or justice for our personal benefit or the benefit of others; for the bible warns us,, “ Corrupt judges accept secret bribes, and then justice is not done (Proverbs 17:23)….. “ The Lord hates people who use dishonest scales. He is happy with honest weights” (Proverbs 11:1)…. “ The Lord wants weights and measures to be honest and every sale to be fair. (Proverbs 16:11)

10. We promise the Lord God that we will in no way defend/protect those who have damaged our nation whether today; whether in the past; whether the damage has been material or intellectual, for the Lord warns us,, “Condemning the innocent or letting the wicked go--both are hateful to the Lord,, (Proverbs 17:15)… “The righteous one considers the house of the wicked, Turning the wicked to ruin. ” (Proverbs 21:12)… I do not keep company with worthless people; I have nothing to do with hypocrites. I hate the company of evil men and avoid the wicked. (Psalms 26:4-5)….

11. We promise the Lord God that we will do our best in every aspect to be a reliable administrators in agreement with the Wiliness of the Lord God, for the warns incapable and bad leaders,, But evil men are doomed; what they have done to others will now be done to them. Moneylenders oppress my people, and their creditors cheat them. My people, your leaders are misleading you, so that you do not know which way to turn. The Lord is ready to state his case; he is ready to judge his people. The Lord is bringing the elders and leaders of his people to judgment. He makes this accusation: "You have plundered vineyards, and your houses are full of what you have taken from the poor. You have no right to crush my people and take advantage of the poor. I, the Sovereign Lord Almighty, have spoken." (Jesaja 3:12-15)…. “ You are guilty of lying, violence, and murder. You go to court, but you do not have justice on your side. You depend on lies to win your case. You carry out your plans to hurt others. 5 The evil plots you make are as deadly as the eggs of a poisonous snake. Crush an egg, out comes a snake! But your plots will do you no good--they are as useless as clothing made of cobwebs! ” (Isaiah 59:3-4)

12. We promise the Lord God that we will act openly and honesty towards other members of the board and that we will have no secret agenda against each other which would be dictated by people outside the organisation, because the Lord warns us,, You are always planning something evil, and you can hardly wait to do it. You never hesitate to murder innocent people. You leave ruin and destruction wherever you go, and no one is safe when you are around. Everything you do is unjust. You follow a crooked path, and no one who walks that path will ever be safe. (Isaiah 59:7-8)… You may say that it is none of your business, but God knows and judges your motives. He keeps watch on you; he knows. And he will reward you according to what you do. ” (Proverbs 24:11-12)

13. We promise the Lord God that in now way we will let us control by others at the disadvantage of our people, but only by the Lord God Himself, for the Bible warns us,, The Lord says, "I will condemn the person who turns away from me and puts his trust in man, in the strength of mortal man. He is like a bush in the desert, which grows in the dry wasteland, on salty ground where nothing else grows. Nothing good ever happens to him. ” (Jeremiah 17:5)…. It is better to trust in the Lord than to depend on man. It is better to trust in the Lord than to depend on human leaders. (Psalms 118:8-9)

14. We promise the Lord God that we as the board members will try to work hard and do our best to defend the interests of our people, for the Bible says about lazy people,, Lazy people should learn a lesson from the way ants live. (Proverbs 6:6)… Never get a lazy man to do something for you; he will be as irritating as vinegar on your teeth or smoke in your eyes. (Proverbs 10:26; 13:4; 20:4)… … Some people are too lazy to put food in their own mouths. . (Proverbs 19:24)

15. We promise the Lord God that we, as board members /leaders/servants of the organisation, will not become lazy or to "sleep" at the disadvantage of our people; because the Lord warns blind and unwary leaders who have no eye for the interests of Gods nation,, The Lord has told the foreign nations to come like wild animals and devour his people. He says, "All the leaders, who are supposed to warn my people, are blind! They know nothing. They are like watch dogs that don't bark--they only lie around and dream. How they love to sleep! They are like greedy dogs that never get enough. These leaders have no understanding. Every one of them does as he pleases and seeks his own advantage. 'Let's get some wine,' these drunkards say, 'and drink all we can hold! Tomorrow will be even better than today!' (Isaiah 56:9-12)

We have made this promise on a free basis, with full awareness and intellect. We studied in advance the promise carefully. We are aware that we are not perfect and have shortcomings. However, when we in full awareness and knowingly, with the aim to cause damage, deliberately deviate from what we just have promised; then we are known with the consequences of the violation which results from the Gods Word.

Lying, cheating and treachery

1. We promise the Lord God that in practicing our task as administrators of the organisation in no way we will lie, cheat or to misguide others; because the Bible warns us,, You destroy all liars and despise violent, deceitful men (Psalms 5:7)… Honest people hate lies, but the words of wicked people are shameful and disgraceful. Righteousness protects the innocent; wickedness is the downfall of sinners. (Proverbs 13:5) … It is better to be poor but honest than to be a lying fool. . (Proverbs 19:1)… Worthless, wicked people go around telling lies (Proverbs 6:12)…. Evil men go wrong all their lives; they tell lies from the day they are born. They are full of poison like snakes; they stop up their ears like a deaf cobra, (Psalms 58:4).

2. We promise the Lord God that in no way we shall try to betray or to misguide our fellow administrators nor the people, because the Bible warns us,, He whose heart is shut against his friend has given up the fear of the Ruler of all. (Job 6:14)…In the old proverb a man betrays his friends for money, and his children suffer for it.. (Job 17:5)…

3. We promise the Lord God that we, as administrators / servants, in no way will disadvantage each other, for example by hiding information from each other, for the Bible says,,, Violent people deceive their friends and lead them to disaster. Watch out for people who grin and wink at you; (Proverbs 16:29)

4. We promise the Lord God that we in no way will cheat or misguide whomever for personal advantage or make secret plans in cooperation with outsiders with the result of damaging our nation; for the Lord warns everybody,, Sin speaks to the wicked man deep in his heart; he rejects God and does not have reverence for him. Because he thinks so highly of himself, he thinks that God will not discover his sin and condemn it. His speech is wicked and full of lies; he no longer does what is wise and good. He makes evil plans as he lies in bed; nothing he does is good, and he never rejects anything evil. (Psalm 36:1-4)

5. We promise the Lord God that we in no way will alienate money which belongs to our people; because the Bible says,, The person who gets money dishonestly is like a bird that hatches eggs it didn't lay. In the prime of life he will lose his riches, and in the end he is nothing but a fool. (Jeremiah 17:11) ...... You are doomed! You have made your family rich with what you took by violence, and have tried to make your own home safe from harm and danger! But your schemes have brought shame on your family; by destroying many nations you have only brought ruin on yourself. Even the stones of the walls cry out against you, and the rafters echo the cry. (Habakkuk 2:9-10)

We have made this promise on a free basis, with full awareness and intellect. We studied in advance the promise carefully. We are aware that we are not perfect and have shortcomings. However, when we in full awareness and knowingly, with the aim to cause damage, deliberately deviate from what we just have promised; then we are known with the consequences of the violation which results from the Gods Word.

Final statement

Collective pray

O Lord, the God of the Heaven and Earth Who deserves all the Honour and Dignity.

O Heavenly Father, be mercy with us in our weakness with many mistakes!

In the presence of all these people here,

In the first place Mgr. Julius Yeshu Cicek,

The monks,

The priests,

And the people;

We come to you as sinners and kneel for your foots and ask you:

1. Give us the wisdom of prophet Salomon to carry out our task in order to serve your people in agreement with your Wiliness.

2. Give us the courage of prophet David to carry out our task in order to serve your people in agreement with your Wiliness.

3. Give us the strength of Simpson to carry out our task in order to serve your people in agreement with your Wiliness.

We as sinners recognize our imperfection en ask, in the presence of all of you here, to our Lord and God Jesus Christ so that He may give us the strength, the wisdom, dedication and diligence in agreement with His wiliness to become righteous administrators following the example of the prophet and king Salomon in serving the interests of our people. We beg the Lord God to purify us of all kind of injustice and ignorance which may form a obstacle in fulfilling our task within the organization.

We ask all of you here, the clergy and the laymen;

Pray for us so that we might be worthy and spotless to carry out our task within the organization in agreement with the Wiliness of the Lord, the Creator of the Heaven and the Earth who deserves all the honor and dignity in the Eternity, Amen!

All the members of the have signed and approved the aforementioned.

What do we want?
http://www.aramnahrin.org/English/WhatDoWeWant.htm

The Aramean people of Aram-Naharaim gave the other peoples of the Middle-east the example of how to live to gather with your neighbor based on the foundation of love, respect, brotherhood and humanity. Unfortunately, the Aramean policy of love, respect and brotherhood is not hailed with cheers by everybody in the middle-east. On the contrary; some people resort to the path of “sword” which leads to bloodshed, hatred, instability and degradation of the human dignity. In spite of terror, persecutions and slaughtering which our people have suffered for hundreds of years in the middle-east; partly because of their peaceful and passive policy; we will continue to follow on the path of peace, respect and brotherhood to attain the most fundamental human rights for our people.

In the framework of the United Nations resolution 47/135; we strive amongst others:

• Recognition of the Aramean people as the indigenous people of Aram-Naharaim in the middle-east; to start in Turkey.

• Recognition of the social and cultural rights of the Aramean people in the lands of the forefathers.

• Recognition of the Aramean genocide in the year 1914-1918 whereby approximately 600.000 Arameans of different denominations were killed.

• Do you agree with this approach to obtain the fundamental human rights of our people?

• Do you agree with our goals which we strive to achieve?

Article Source: http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard

About The Author: Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis - is Orientalist, Assyriologist, Egyptologist, Iranologist, Islamologist, Historian and Political Scientist. Dr. Megalommatis, 52, is the author of 12 books, dozens of scholarly articles, hundreds of encyclopedia entries, and thousands of articles. He speaks, reads and writes more than 15, modern and ancient, languages.

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